In 1698, as part of his bid to westernize Russia, Peter the Great decreed that beards should not be worn (except by peasants) and imposed a tax on those who refused to comply. Incredibly, many Russians fled, choosing to lose their country rather than lose their cherished beards!
[Shaving dates back at least as far as Alexander the Great, who had a scanty beard and set the fashion.]
Peter I ["Peter the Great"], (1672-1725) Russian czar